Micron Document
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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Fermium</span></h1>
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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="de" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="de" dir="ltr"><table class="float-right infobox wikitable" style="font-size:90%; margin-top:0; width:310px; max-width:400px;">

<tbody><tr>
<th colspan="2" style="background:Orchid; font-size:120%; color:#202122;">Eigenschaften
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" class="hintergrundfarbe2" style="text-align:center;">
<div id="table" style="position:relative;">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="1" style="margin:auto; background-color:color:var(--color-inverted, #FFFFFF); color:var(--color-base, #000000); text-align:center; empty-cells:show; border-collapse:separate; border-style:hidden;">
<tbody><tr>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LimeGreen;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Wasserstoff" title="Wasserstoff"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 1: Wasserstoff (H), Nichtmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td colspan="30">
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightskyBlue;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Helium" title="Helium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 2: Helium (He), Edelgas">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:OrangeRed;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Lithium" title="Lithium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 3: Lithium (Li), Alkalimetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:DarkOrange;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Beryllium" title="Beryllium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 4: Beryllium (Be), Erdalkalimetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td colspan="24">
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Peru;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Bor" title="Bor"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 5: Bor (B), Halbmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LimeGreen;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Kohlenstoff" title="Kohlenstoff"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 6: Kohlenstoff (C), Nichtmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LimeGreen;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Stickstoff" title="Stickstoff"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 7: Stickstoff (N), Nichtmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LimeGreen;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Sauerstoff" title="Sauerstoff"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 8: Sauerstoff (O), Nichtmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Khaki;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Fluor" title="Fluor"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 9: Fluor (F), Halogen">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightskyBlue;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Neon" title="Neon"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 10: Neon (Ne), Edelgas">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:OrangeRed;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Natrium" title="Natrium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 11: Natrium (Na), Alkalimetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:DarkOrange;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Magnesium" title="Magnesium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 12: Magnesium (Mg), Erdalkalimetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td colspan="24">
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:DarkGray;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Aluminium" title="Aluminium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 13: Aluminium (Al), Metall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Peru;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Silicium" title="Silicium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 14: Silicium (Si), Halbmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LimeGreen;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Phosphor" title="Phosphor"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 15: Phosphor (P), Nichtmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LimeGreen;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Schwefel" title="Schwefel"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 16: Schwefel (S), Nichtmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Khaki;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Chlor" title="Chlor"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 17: Chlor (Cl), Halogen">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightskyBlue;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Argon" title="Argon"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 18: Argon (Ar), Edelgas">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:OrangeRed;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Kalium" title="Kalium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 19: Kalium (K), Alkalimetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:DarkOrange;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Calcium" title="Calcium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 20: Calcium (Ca), Erdalkalimetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Scandium" title="Scandium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 21: Scandium (Sc), Übergangsmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td colspan="14">
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Titan_(Element)" title="Titan (Element)"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 22: Titan (Ti), Übergangsmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Vanadium" title="Vanadium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 23: Vanadium (V), Übergangsmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Chrom" title="Chrom"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 24: Chrom (Cr), Übergangsmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Mangan" title="Mangan"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 25: Mangan (Mn), Übergangsmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Eisen" title="Eisen"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 26: Eisen (Fe), Übergangsmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Cobalt" title="Cobalt"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 27: Cobalt (Co), Übergangsmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Nickel" title="Nickel"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 28: Nickel (Ni), Übergangsmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Kupfer" title="Kupfer"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 29: Kupfer (Cu), Übergangsmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Zink" title="Zink"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 30: Zink (Zn), Übergangsmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:DarkGray;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Gallium" title="Gallium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 31: Gallium (Ga), Metall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Peru;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Germanium" title="Germanium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 32: Germanium (Ge), Halbmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Peru;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Arsen" title="Arsen"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 33: Arsen (As), Halbmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Peru;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Selen" title="Selen"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 34: Selen (Se), Halbmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Khaki;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Brom" title="Brom"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 35: Brom (Br), Halogen">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightskyBlue;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Krypton" title="Krypton"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 36: Krypton (Kr), Edelgas">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:OrangeRed;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Rubidium" title="Rubidium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 37: Rubidium (Rb), Alkalimetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:DarkOrange;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Strontium" title="Strontium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 38: Strontium (Sr), Erdalkalimetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Yttrium" title="Yttrium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 39: Yttrium (Y), Übergangsmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td colspan="14">
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Zirconium" title="Zirconium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 40: Zirconium (Zr), Übergangsmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Niob" title="Niob"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 41: Niob (Nb), Übergangsmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Molybd%C3%A4n" title="Molybdän"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 42: Molybdän (Mo), Übergangsmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Technetium" title="Technetium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 43: Technetium (Tc), Übergangsmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 44: Ruthenium (Ru), Übergangsmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Rhodium" title="Rhodium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 45: Rhodium (Rh), Übergangsmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Palladium" title="Palladium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 46: Palladium (Pd), Übergangsmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Silber" title="Silber"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 47: Silber (Ag), Übergangsmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Cadmium" title="Cadmium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 48: Cadmium (Cd), Übergangsmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:DarkGray;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Indium" title="Indium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 49: Indium (In), Metall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:DarkGray;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Zinn" title="Zinn"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 50: Zinn (Sn), Metall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Peru;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Antimon" title="Antimon"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 51: Antimon (Sb), Halbmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Peru;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Tellur" title="Tellur"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 52: Tellur (Te), Halbmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Khaki;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Iod" title="Iod"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 53: Iod (I), Halogen">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightskyBlue;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Xenon" title="Xenon"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 54: Xenon (Xe), Edelgas">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:OrangeRed;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Caesium" title="Caesium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 55: Caesium (Cs), Alkalimetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:DarkOrange;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Barium" title="Barium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 56: Barium (Ba), Erdalkalimetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Lanthan" title="Lanthan"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 57: Lanthan (La), Übergangsmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Plum;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Cer" title="Cer"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 58: Cer (Ce), Lanthanoid">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Plum;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Praseodym" title="Praseodym"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 59: Praseodym (Pr), Lanthanoid">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Plum;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Neodym" title="Neodym"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 60: Neodym (Nd), Lanthanoid">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Plum;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Promethium" title="Promethium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 61: Promethium (Pm), Lanthanoid">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Plum;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Samarium" title="Samarium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 62: Samarium (Sm), Lanthanoid">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Plum;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Europium" title="Europium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 63: Europium (Eu), Lanthanoid">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Plum;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 64: Gadolinium (Gd), Lanthanoid">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Plum;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Terbium" title="Terbium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 65: Terbium (Tb), Lanthanoid">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Plum;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 66: Dysprosium (Dy), Lanthanoid">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Plum;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Holmium" title="Holmium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 67: Holmium (Ho), Lanthanoid">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Plum;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Erbium" title="Erbium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 68: Erbium (Er), Lanthanoid">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Plum;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Thulium" title="Thulium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 69: Thulium (Tm), Lanthanoid">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Plum;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 70: Ytterbium (Yb), Lanthanoid">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Plum;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Lutetium" title="Lutetium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 71: Lutetium (Lu), Lanthanoid">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Hafnium" title="Hafnium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 72: Hafnium (Hf), Übergangsmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Tantal" title="Tantal"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 73: Tantal (Ta), Übergangsmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Wolfram" title="Wolfram"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 74: Wolfram (W), Übergangsmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Rhenium" title="Rhenium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 75: Rhenium (Re), Übergangsmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Osmium" title="Osmium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 76: Osmium (Os), Übergangsmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Iridium" title="Iridium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 77: Iridium (Ir), Übergangsmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Platin" title="Platin"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 78: Platin (Pt), Übergangsmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Gold" title="Gold"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 79: Gold (Au), Übergangsmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Quecksilber" title="Quecksilber"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 80: Quecksilber (Hg), Übergangsmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:DarkGray;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Thallium" title="Thallium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 81: Thallium (Tl), Metall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:DarkGray;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Blei" title="Blei"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 82: Blei (Pb), Metall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:DarkGray;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Bismut" title="Bismut"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 83: Bismut (Bi), Metall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:DarkGray;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Polonium" title="Polonium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 84: Polonium (Po), Metall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Khaki;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Astat" title="Astat"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 85: Astat (At), Halogen">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightskyBlue;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Radon" title="Radon"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 86: Radon (Rn), Edelgas">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:OrangeRed;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Francium" title="Francium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 87: Francium (Fr), Alkalimetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:DarkOrange;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Radium" title="Radium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 88: Radium (Ra), Erdalkalimetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Actinium" title="Actinium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 89: Actinium (Ac), Übergangsmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Orchid;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Thorium" title="Thorium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 90: Thorium (Th), Actinoid">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Orchid;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Protactinium" title="Protactinium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 91: Protactinium (Pa), Actinoid">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Orchid;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Uran" title="Uran"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 92: Uran (U), Actinoid">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Orchid;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Neptunium" title="Neptunium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 93: Neptunium (Np), Actinoid">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Orchid;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Plutonium" title="Plutonium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 94: Plutonium (Pu), Actinoid">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Orchid;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Americium" title="Americium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 95: Americium (Am), Actinoid">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Orchid;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Curium" title="Curium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 96: Curium (Cm), Actinoid">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Orchid;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Berkelium" title="Berkelium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 97: Berkelium (Bk), Actinoid">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Orchid;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Californium" title="Californium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 98: Californium (Cf), Actinoid">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Orchid;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 99: Einsteinium (Es), Actinoid">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Orchid; border:2px solid #72777D; margin:-1px"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 100: Fermium (Fm), Actinoid">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Orchid;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 101: Mendelevium (Md), Actinoid">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Orchid;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Nobelium" title="Nobelium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 102: Nobelium (No), Actinoid">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Orchid;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 103: Lawrencium (Lr), Actinoid">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 104: Rutherfordium (Rf), Übergangsmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Dubnium" title="Dubnium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 105: Dubnium (Db), Übergangsmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 106: Seaborgium (Sg), Übergangsmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Bohrium" title="Bohrium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 107: Bohrium (Bh), Übergangsmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Hassium" title="Hassium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 108: Hassium (Hs), Übergangsmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Gainsboro;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 109: Meitnerium (Mt), unbekannt">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Gainsboro;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 110: Darmstadtium (Ds), unbekannt">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Gainsboro;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 111: Roentgenium (Rg), unbekannt">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Gainsboro;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Copernicium" title="Copernicium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 112: Copernicium (Cn), unbekannt">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Gainsboro;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Nihonium" title="Nihonium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 113: Nihonium (Nh), unbekannt">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Gainsboro;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Flerovium" title="Flerovium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 114: Flerovium (Fl), unbekannt">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Gainsboro;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Moscovium" title="Moscovium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 115: Moscovium (Mc), unbekannt">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Gainsboro;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Livermorium" title="Livermorium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 116: Livermorium (Lv), unbekannt">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Gainsboro;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Tenness" title="Tenness"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 117: Tenness (Ts), unbekannt">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Gainsboro;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Oganesson" title="Oganesson"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 118: Oganesson (Og), unbekannt">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<div id="text0" style="font-size:12px; position:absolute; top:5px; left:50%; margin-left:-125px;line-height:120%;">[<a href="Radon" title="Radon">Rn</a>] 5<a href="F-Orbital" class="mw-redirect" title="F-Orbital">f</a><sup>12</sup> 7<a href="S-Orbital" class="mw-redirect" title="S-Orbital">s</a><sup>2</sup></div>
<div style="position:absolute; top:5px; left:45%; margin-left:20px;line-height:120%;"><span id="text2" style="font-size:10px; vertical-align: sub;">100</span><span id="text3" style="font-size:20px; font-weight:bold;">Fm</span></div>
<div style="font-size:90%; text-align:right;"><a href="Periodensystem" title="Periodensystem">Periodensystem</a></div></div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="2" style="background:Orchid; color:#202122;">Allgemein
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Chemisches_Element#Sortierte_Liste_chemischer_Elemente" title="Chemisches Element">Name</a>, <a href="Elementsymbol" title="Elementsymbol">Symbol</a>, <a href="Ordnungszahl" title="Ordnungszahl">Ordnungszahl</a>
</td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">Fermium, Fm, 100
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Elementkategorie" title="Elementkategorie">Elementkategorie</a>
</td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="Actinoide" title="Actinoide">Actinoide</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Gruppe_des_Periodensystems" title="Gruppe des Periodensystems">Gruppe</a>, <a href="Periode_des_Periodensystems" title="Periode des Periodensystems">Periode</a>, <a href="Block_des_Periodensystems" class="mw-redirect" title="Block des Periodensystems">Block</a>
</td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="Actinoide" title="Actinoide">Ac</a>, <a href="Chemische_Elemente_der_siebten_Periode" title="Chemische Elemente der siebten Periode">7</a>, <a href="Periodensystem#Block" title="Periodensystem">f</a>
</td></tr>


<tr>
<td><a href="CAS-Nummer" title="CAS-Nummer">CAS-Nummer</a>
</td>
<td>
<p><span title="Untervorlage eingebunden: CASRN"></span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=7440-72-4">7440-72-4</a><span class="editoronly" style="display:none;"></span>
</p>
</td></tr>








<tr>
<th colspan="2" style="background:Orchid; color:#202122;">Atomar<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Atommasse" title="Atommasse">Atommasse</a>
</td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">257,0951 <a href="Atomare_Masseneinheit" title="Atomare Masseneinheit">u</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Atomradius" title="Atomradius">Atomradius</a> (berechnet)
</td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">– (divalent: 198) <a href="Pikometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Pikometer">pm</a>
</td></tr>




<tr>
<td><a href="Elektronenkonfiguration" title="Elektronenkonfiguration">Elektronenkonfiguration</a>
</td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">[<a href="Radon" title="Radon">Rn</a>] 5<a href="F-Orbital" class="mw-redirect" title="F-Orbital">f</a><sup>12</sup> 7<a href="S-Orbital" class="mw-redirect" title="S-Orbital">s</a><sup>2</sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>1. <a href="Ionisierungsenergie" title="Ionisierungsenergie">Ionisierungsenergie</a>
</td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="white-space:nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r198372224">
/* start https://de.wikipedia.org/ */


.mw-parser-output .numericFormat-1000::after{content:"."}.mw-parser-output .numericFormat-minus>span,.mw-parser-output .numericFormat-dec>span{position:absolute;left:-10000px;top:auto;width:1px;height:1px;overflow:hidden}.mw-parser-output .numericFormat-minus::after{content:"−"}.mw-parser-output .numericFormat-dec::after{content:","}.mw-parser-output .numericFormat-fractpart{margin-right:0.2em}


/* end https://de.wikipedia.org/ */
</style>6<span class="numericFormat-dec"><span>.</span></span>50(7) <a href="Elektronenvolt" title="Elektronenvolt">eV</a><sup id="cite_ref-NIST-ASD-fermium_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIST-ASD-fermium-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> ≈ <span style="white-space:nowrap">627 <a href="Joule" title="Joule">kJ</a>/<a href="Mol" title="Mol">mol</a><sup id="cite_ref-Webelements-fermium_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Webelements-fermium-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>2. Ionisierungsenergie
</td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="white-space:nowrap">12<span class="numericFormat-dec"><span>.</span></span>4(4) eV<sup id="cite_ref-NIST-ASD-fermium_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIST-ASD-fermium-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> ≈ <span style="white-space:nowrap"><span class="numericFormat-1000">1</span>200 kJ/mol<sup id="cite_ref-Webelements-fermium_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Webelements-fermium-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>3. Ionisierungsenergie
</td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="white-space:nowrap">23<span class="numericFormat-dec"><span>.</span></span>2(4) eV<sup id="cite_ref-NIST-ASD-fermium_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIST-ASD-fermium-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> ≈ <span style="white-space:nowrap"><span class="numericFormat-1000">2</span>240 kJ/mol<sup id="cite_ref-Webelements-fermium_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Webelements-fermium-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>4. Ionisierungsenergie
</td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="white-space:nowrap">39<span class="numericFormat-dec"><span>.</span></span>3(4) eV<sup id="cite_ref-NIST-ASD-fermium_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIST-ASD-fermium-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> ≈ <span style="white-space:nowrap"><span class="numericFormat-1000">3</span>790 kJ/mol<sup id="cite_ref-Webelements-fermium_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Webelements-fermium-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>5. Ionisierungsenergie
</td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="white-space:nowrap">55<span class="numericFormat-dec"><span>.</span></span>0(1,9) eV<sup id="cite_ref-NIST-ASD-fermium_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIST-ASD-fermium-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> ≈ <span style="white-space:nowrap"><span class="numericFormat-1000">5</span>310 kJ/mol<sup id="cite_ref-Webelements-fermium_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Webelements-fermium-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span>
</td></tr>




<tr>
<th colspan="2" style="background:Orchid; color:#202122;">Physikalisch<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Aggregatzustand" title="Aggregatzustand">Aggregatzustand</a>
</td>
<td>fest
</td></tr>









<tr>
<td><a href="Schmelzpunkt" title="Schmelzpunkt">Schmelzpunkt</a>
</td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">(berechnet) 1125 <a href="Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a> (ca. 852 °C)
</td></tr>






















<tr>
<th colspan="2" style="background:Orchid; color:#202122;">Chemisch<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Oxidationszahl" title="Oxidationszahl">Oxidationszustände</a>
</td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">+2, +3
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Elektrodenpotential#Normalpotential" title="Elektrodenpotential">Normalpotential</a>
</td>
<td>−1,96&nbsp;V (Fm<sup>3+</sup> + 3&nbsp;e<sup>−</sup> → Fm)<br>−2,37&nbsp;V (Fm<sup>2+</sup> + 2&nbsp;e<sup>−</sup> → Fm)
</td></tr>


<tr>
<th colspan="2" style="background:Orchid; color:#202122;">Isotope
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="padding:0;">
<table class="wikitable center darkmode-hintergrundfarbe-passiv" style="background:WhiteSmoke; color:#202122; border:hidden; margin:0;">

<tbody><tr>
<td><a href="Isotop" title="Isotop">Isotop</a>
</td>
<td><a href="Isotopenverh%C3%A4ltnis" title="Isotopenverhältnis">NH</a>
</td>
<td><a href="Halbwertszeit" title="Halbwertszeit">t<sub>1/2</sub></a>
</td>
<td><a href="Radioaktivit%C3%A4t#Zerfallsarten" title="Radioaktivität">ZA</a>
</td>
<td><a href="Zerfallsenergie" title="Zerfallsenergie">ZE</a> (M<a href="Elektronenvolt" title="Elektronenvolt">eV</a>)
</td>
<td><a href="Zerfallsprodukt_(Radioaktivit%C3%A4t)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zerfallsprodukt (Radioaktivität)">ZP</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2" style="nowrap"><sup>250</sup>Fm<div class="editoronly" style="display:none;"></div>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" style="nowrap"><a href="Radionuklid#Künstliche_Radionuklide" title="Radionuklid">{syn.}</a>
</td>
<td rowspan="2">30&nbsp;<a href="Minute" title="Minute">min</a>
</td>
<td><a href="Alphastrahlung" title="Alphastrahlung">α</a> (&gt; 90&nbsp;%)
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td><a href="Californium" title="Californium"><sup>247</sup>Cf</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Elektronen-Einfang" class="mw-redirect" title="Elektronen-Einfang">ε</a> (&lt; 10&nbsp;%)
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td><a href="Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium"><sup>251</sup>Es</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2" style="nowrap"><sup>251</sup>Fm<div class="editoronly" style="display:none;"></div>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" style="nowrap"><a href="Radionuklid#Künstliche_Radionuklide" title="Radionuklid">{syn.}</a>
</td>
<td rowspan="2">5,3&nbsp;<a href="Stunde" title="Stunde">h</a>
</td>
<td><a href="Elektronen-Einfang" class="mw-redirect" title="Elektronen-Einfang">ε</a> (98,20&nbsp;%)
</td>
<td>1,474
</td>
<td><a href="Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium"><sup>251</sup>Es</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Alphastrahlung" title="Alphastrahlung">α</a> (1,80&nbsp;%)
</td>
<td>7,425
</td>
<td><a href="Californium" title="Californium"><sup>247</sup>Cf</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2" style="nowrap"><sup>252</sup>Fm<div class="editoronly" style="display:none;"></div>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" style="nowrap"><a href="Radionuklid#Künstliche_Radionuklide" title="Radionuklid">{syn.}</a>
</td>
<td rowspan="2">25,39&nbsp;<a href="Stunde" title="Stunde">h</a>
</td>
<td><a href="Alphastrahlung" title="Alphastrahlung">α</a> (≈ 100&nbsp;%)
</td>
<td>7,153
</td>
<td><a href="Californium" title="Californium"><sup>248</sup>Cf</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Spontane_Spaltung" title="Spontane Spaltung">SF</a> (0,0023&nbsp;%)
</td>
<td>?
</td>
<td>?
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2" style="nowrap"><sup>253</sup>Fm<div class="editoronly" style="display:none;"></div>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" style="nowrap"><a href="Radionuklid#Künstliche_Radionuklide" title="Radionuklid">{syn.}</a>
</td>
<td rowspan="2">3&nbsp;<a href="Tag" title="Tag">d</a>
</td>
<td><a href="Elektronen-Einfang" class="mw-redirect" title="Elektronen-Einfang">ε</a> (88&nbsp;%)
</td>
<td>0,333
</td>
<td><a href="Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium"><sup>253</sup>Es</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Alphastrahlung" title="Alphastrahlung">α</a> (12&nbsp;%)
</td>
<td>7,197
</td>
<td><a href="Californium" title="Californium"><sup>249</sup>Cf</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2" style="nowrap"><sup>254</sup>Fm<div class="editoronly" style="display:none;"></div>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" style="nowrap"><a href="Radionuklid#Künstliche_Radionuklide" title="Radionuklid">{syn.}</a>
</td>
<td rowspan="2">3,24&nbsp;<a href="Stunde" title="Stunde">h</a>
</td>
<td><a href="Alphastrahlung" title="Alphastrahlung">α</a> (≈ 100&nbsp;%)
</td>
<td>7,037
</td>
<td><a href="Californium" title="Californium"><sup>250</sup>Cf</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Spontane_Spaltung" title="Spontane Spaltung">SF</a> (0,0592&nbsp;%)
</td>
<td>?
</td>
<td>?
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2" style="nowrap"><sup>255</sup>Fm<div class="editoronly" style="display:none;"></div>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" style="nowrap"><a href="Radionuklid#Künstliche_Radionuklide" title="Radionuklid">{syn.}</a>
</td>
<td rowspan="2">20,07&nbsp;<a href="Stunde" title="Stunde">h</a>
</td>
<td><a href="Alphastrahlung" title="Alphastrahlung">α</a> (100&nbsp;%)
</td>
<td>7,451
</td>
<td><a href="Californium" title="Californium"><sup>251</sup>Cf</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Spontane_Spaltung" title="Spontane Spaltung">SF</a>&nbsp;(2,4&nbsp;·&nbsp;10<sup>−5</sup>&nbsp;%)
</td>
<td>?
</td>
<td>?
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2" style="nowrap"><sup>256</sup>Fm<div class="editoronly" style="display:none;"></div>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" style="nowrap"><a href="Radionuklid#Künstliche_Radionuklide" title="Radionuklid">{syn.}</a>
</td>
<td rowspan="2">157,6&nbsp;<a href="Minute" title="Minute">min</a>
</td>
<td><a href="Spontane_Spaltung" title="Spontane Spaltung">SF</a> (91,9&nbsp;%)
</td>
<td>?
</td>
<td>?
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Alphastrahlung" title="Alphastrahlung">α</a> (8,1&nbsp;%)
</td>
<td>7,027
</td>
<td><a href="Californium" title="Californium"><sup>252</sup>Cf</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2" style="nowrap"><sup>257</sup>Fm<div class="editoronly" style="display:none;"></div>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" style="nowrap"><a href="Radionuklid#Künstliche_Radionuklide" title="Radionuklid">{syn.}</a>
</td>
<td rowspan="2">100,5&nbsp;<a href="Tag" title="Tag">d</a>
</td>
<td><a href="Alphastrahlung" title="Alphastrahlung">α</a> (≈ 100&nbsp;%)
</td>
<td>6,864
</td>
<td><a href="Californium" title="Californium"><sup>253</sup>Cf</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Spontane_Spaltung" title="Spontane Spaltung">SF</a> (0,210&nbsp;%)
</td>
<td>?
</td>
<td>?
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="nowrap"><sup>258</sup>Fm<div class="editoronly" style="display:none;"></div>
</td>
<td style="nowrap"><a href="Radionuklid#Künstliche_Radionuklide" title="Radionuklid">{syn.}</a>
</td>
<td>0,37&nbsp;<a href="Sekunden" class="mw-redirect" title="Sekunden">s</a>
</td>
<td><a href="Spontane_Spaltung" title="Spontane Spaltung">SF</a> (≈ 100&nbsp;%)
</td>
<td>?
</td>
<td>?
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="nowrap"><sup>259</sup>Fm<div class="editoronly" style="display:none;"></div>
</td>
<td style="nowrap"><a href="Radionuklid#Künstliche_Radionuklide" title="Radionuklid">{syn.}</a>
</td>
<td>1,5&nbsp;<a href="Sekunde" title="Sekunde">s</a>
</td>
<td><a href="Spontane_Spaltung" title="Spontane Spaltung">SF</a> (100&nbsp;%)
</td>
<td>?
</td>
<td>?
</td></tr></tbody></table>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="2" class="darkmode-hintergrundfarbe-passiv" style="background:WhiteSmoke; color:#202122;">Weitere Isotope siehe <a href="Liste_der_Isotope/Ordnungszahl_91_bis_Ordnungszahl_100#100_Fermium" title="Liste der Isotope/Ordnungszahl 91 bis Ordnungszahl 100">Liste der Isotope</a>
</th></tr>




<tr>
<th colspan="2" style="background:Orchid; color:#202122;">Gefahren- und Sicherheitshinweise
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="padding-top:7px; text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File"></span><br><span style="line-height:1.1em;"><b><a href="Radioaktiv" class="mw-redirect" title="Radioaktiv">Radioaktiv</a></b></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2">
<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" style="width:100%;">


<tbody><tr>
<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><b><a href="Global_harmonisiertes_System_zur_Einstufung_und_Kennzeichnung_von_Chemikalien" title="Global harmonisiertes System zur Einstufung und Kennzeichnung von Chemikalien">GHS-Gefahrstoffkennzeichnung</a></b><br><i>keine Einstufung verfügbar</i><sup id="cite_ref-NV_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NV-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
</td></tr>






<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="background:Orchid; line-height:1.2em; text-align:center; color:#202122; font-size:smaller;">Wenn nicht anders vermerkt, gelten die angegebenen Daten bei <a href="Standardbedingungen" title="Standardbedingungen">Standardbedingungen</a>.
</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><span class="editoronly" style="display:none;"></span>
</p><p><b>Fermium</b> ist ein ausschließlich künstlich erzeugtes <a href="Chemisches_Element" title="Chemisches Element">chemisches Element</a> mit dem <a href="Elementsymbol" title="Elementsymbol">Elementsymbol</a> Fm und der <a href="Ordnungszahl" title="Ordnungszahl">Ordnungszahl</a> 100. Im <a href="Periodensystem" title="Periodensystem">Periodensystem</a> steht es in der Gruppe der <a href="Actinoide" title="Actinoide">Actinoide</a> (<a href="Periode-7-Element" class="mw-redirect" title="Periode-7-Element">7.&nbsp;Periode</a>, <a href="F-Block" class="mw-redirect" title="F-Block">f-Block</a>) und zählt auch zu den <a href="Transurane" title="Transurane">Transuranen</a>. Fermium ist ein radioaktives <a href="Metall" class="mw-redirect" title="Metall">Metall</a>, das aber aufgrund der geringen zur Verfügung stehenden Mengen bisher nicht als Metall <a href="Darstellung_(Chemie)" class="mw-redirect" title="Darstellung (Chemie)">dargestellt</a> wurde. Es wurde 1952 nach dem Test der ersten amerikanischen <a href="Wasserstoffbombe" class="mw-redirect" title="Wasserstoffbombe">Wasserstoffbombe</a> entdeckt und zu Ehren des Physikers <a href="Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Enrico Fermi</a> benannt, der jedoch an der Entdeckung von bzw. Forschung an Fermium persönlich nicht beteiligt war.
</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geschichte">Geschichte</h2></div>



<p>Fermium wurde zusammen mit <a href="Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">Einsteinium</a> nach dem Test der ersten amerikanischen Wasserstoffbombe, <a href="Ivy_Mike" title="Ivy Mike">Ivy Mike</a>, am 1.&nbsp;November 1952 auf dem <a href="Eniwetok" title="Eniwetok">Eniwetok-Atoll</a> gefunden. Erste Proben erhielt man auf Filterpapieren, die man beim Durchfliegen durch die Explosionswolke mitführte. Größere Mengen isolierte man später aus Korallen. Aus Gründen der militärischen Geheimhaltung wurden die Ergebnisse zunächst nicht publiziert.<sup id="cite_ref-Entdeckung_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Entdeckung-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Eine erste Untersuchung der Explosionsüberreste hatte die Entstehung eines neuen <a href="Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Plutoniumisotops</a> <sup>244</sup>Pu aufgezeigt, dies konnte nur durch die Aufnahme von sechs <a href="Neutron" title="Neutron">Neutronen</a> durch einen <a href="Uran" title="Uran">Uran</a>-238-Kern und zwei folgende <a href="Beta-Zerfall" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta-Zerfall">β-Zerfälle</a> entstanden sein.
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {^{238}_{\ 92}U\ {\xrightarrow[{-2\ \beta ^{-}}]{+6\ (n,\gamma )}}\ _{\ 94}^{244}Pu} }">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {^{238}_{\ 92}U\ {\xrightarrow[{-2\ \beta ^{-}}]{+6\ (n,\gamma )}}\ _{\ 94}^{244}Pu} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/279a70858ab59fe84cd0ece8a795694f70859aa4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.391ex; margin-top: -0.346ex; margin-bottom: -0.614ex; width:18.724ex; height:6.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {^{238}_{\ 92}U\ {\xrightarrow[{-2\ \beta ^{-}}]{+6\ (n,\gamma )}}\ _{\ 94}^{244}Pu} }" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Zu der Zeit nahm man an, dass die Absorption von Neutronen durch einen schweren Kern ein seltener Vorgang sei. Die Identifizierung von <sup>244</sup>Pu ließ jedoch den Schluss zu, dass Urankerne viele Neutronen einfangen können, was zu neuen Elementen führt.<sup id="cite_ref-Entdeckung_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Entdeckung-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Die Bildung gelang durch fortgesetzten <a href="Neutroneneinfang" title="Neutroneneinfang">Neutroneneinfang</a>: Im Moment der Detonation war die <a href="Neutronenflussdichte" class="mw-redirect" title="Neutronenflussdichte">Neutronenflussdichte</a> so hoch, dass die meisten der zwischenzeitlich gebildeten – radioaktiven – Atomkerne bis zum jeweils nächsten Neutroneneinfang noch nicht zerfallen waren. Bei sehr hohem Neutronenfluss steigt also die <a href="Massenzahl" title="Massenzahl">Massenzahl</a> stark an, ohne dass sich die <a href="Ordnungszahl" title="Ordnungszahl">Ordnungszahl</a> ändert. Erst anschließend zerfallen die entstandenen instabilen <a href="Nuklid" title="Nuklid">Nuklide</a> über viele β-Zerfälle zu stabilen oder instabilen Nukliden mit hoher Ordnungszahl:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {^{238}_{\ 92}U\ {\xrightarrow[{-8\ \beta ^{-}}]{+15,\ 16,\ 17\ (n,\gamma )}}\ _{\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ 100}^{253,\ 254,\ 255}Fm} }">
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<mo>,</mo>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {^{238}_{\ 92}U\ {\xrightarrow[{-8\ \beta ^{-}}]{+15,\ 16,\ 17\ (n,\gamma )}}\ _{\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ 100}^{253,\ 254,\ 255}Fm} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a4a1c2f45e18c533a701fb0ad511508da76719b4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.391ex; margin-top: -0.346ex; margin-bottom: -0.614ex; width:32.496ex; height:6.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {^{238}_{\ 92}U\ {\xrightarrow[{-8\ \beta ^{-}}]{+15,\ 16,\ 17\ (n,\gamma )}}\ _{\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ 100}^{253,\ 254,\ 255}Fm} }" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Die Entdeckung von Fermium (<i>Z</i>&nbsp;= 100) erforderte mehr Material, da man davon ausging, dass die Ausbeute mindestens eine <a href="Gr%C3%B6%C3%9Fenordnung" title="Größenordnung">Größenordnung</a> niedriger als die von Element 99 sein würde. Daher wurden kontaminierte Korallen aus dem Eniwetok-Atoll (wo der Test stattgefunden hatte) zum <a href="University_of_California_Radiation_Laboratory" class="mw-redirect" title="University of California Radiation Laboratory">University of California Radiation Laboratory</a> in Berkeley, Kalifornien, zur Verarbeitung und Analyse gebracht. Die Trennung der gelösten Actinoid-Ionen erfolgte in Gegenwart eines <a href="Citronens%C3%A4ure" title="Citronensäure">Citronensäure</a>/<a href="Ammoniumcitrat" title="Ammoniumcitrat">Ammoniumcitrat</a>-Puffers im schwach sauren Medium (<a href="PH-Wert" title="PH-Wert">pH</a>&nbsp;≈&nbsp;3,5) mit <a href="Ionenaustauscher" title="Ionenaustauscher">Ionenaustauschern</a> bei erhöhter Temperatur. Etwa zwei Monate später wurde eine neue Komponente isoliert, ein hochenergetischer <a href="Alpha-Zerfall" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-Zerfall">α-Strahler</a> (7,1&nbsp;MeV) mit einer Halbwertszeit von etwa einem Tag. Mit einer derart kurzen Halbwertszeit konnte es nur aus dem β-Zerfall eines Einsteiniumisotops entstehen, und so musste ein Isotop des Elements 100 das neue sein: Es wurde schnell als <sup>255</sup>Fm identifiziert (t<sub>½</sub>&nbsp;= 20,07&nbsp;Stunden).<sup id="cite_ref-Entdeckung_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Entdeckung-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Im September 1953 war noch nicht abzusehen, wann die Ergebnisse der Teams in <a href="Lawrence_Berkeley_National_Laboratory" title="Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory">Berkeley</a>, <a href="Argonne_National_Laboratory" title="Argonne National Laboratory">Argonne</a> und <a href="Los_Alamos_National_Laboratory" title="Los Alamos National Laboratory">Los Alamos</a> veröffentlicht werden könnten. Man entschied sich dazu, die neuen Elemente durch Beschussexperimente herzustellen; gleichzeitig versicherte man sich, dass diese Ergebnisse nicht unter Geheimhaltung fallen würden und somit veröffentlicht werden konnten.<sup id="cite_ref-Entdeckung_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Entdeckung-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Einsteiniumisotope wurden kurz danach am <i>University of California Radiation Laboratory</i> durch Beschuss von Uran&nbsp;(<sup>238</sup>U) mit Stickstoff&nbsp;(<sup>14</sup>N) hergestellt. Dabei merkte man an, dass es Forschungen zu diesem Element gab, die bislang noch unter Geheimhaltung standen.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Entdeckung_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Entdeckung-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Isotope der beiden neu entdeckten Elemente wurden durch Bestrahlung des Plutoniumisotops <sup>239</sup>Pu erzeugt, die Ergebnisse wurden in fünf kurz aufeinander folgenden Publikationen veröffentlicht.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die letzten Reaktionen ausgehend von <a href="Californium" title="Californium">Californium</a> sind:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {^{252}_{\ 98}Cf\ {\xrightarrow {(n,\gamma )}}\ _{\ 98}^{253}Cf\ {\xrightarrow[{17,81\ d}]{\beta ^{-}}}\ _{\ 99}^{253}Es\ {\xrightarrow {(n,\gamma )}}\ _{\ 99}^{254}Es\ {\xrightarrow[{}]{\beta ^{-}}}\ _{100}^{254}Fm} }">
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2dcf5875c42aad904ed8c8a397de8fc552cf5f71.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.112ex; margin-top: -0.415ex; margin-bottom: -0.559ex; width:51.443ex; height:6.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {^{252}_{\ 98}Cf\ \xrightarrow {(n,\gamma )} \ _{\ 98}^{253}Cf\ {\xrightarrow[{17,81\ d}]{\beta ^{-}}}\ _{\ 99}^{253}Es\ \xrightarrow {(n,\gamma )} \ _{\ 99}^{254}Es\ {\xrightarrow[{}]{\beta ^{-}}}\ _{100}^{254}Fm} }" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Das Team in Berkeley war zudem besorgt, dass eine andere Forschergruppe die leichteren Isotope des Elements 100 durch Ionenbeschuss entdecken und veröffentlichen könnte, bevor sie ihre unter Geheimhaltung stehende Forschung hätten veröffentlichen können.<sup id="cite_ref-Entdeckung_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Entdeckung-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Denn im ausgehenden Jahr 1953 sowie zu Anfang des Jahres 1954 beschoss eine Arbeitsgruppe des Nobel-Instituts für Physik in <a href="Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a> Urankerne mit Sauerstoffkernen; es bildete sich das Isotop mit der Massenzahl 250 des Elements 100 (<sup>250</sup>Fm).<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die zweifelsfreie Identifizierung konnte anhand der charakteristischen Energie des beim Zerfall ausgesandten <a href="Alpha-Teilchen" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-Teilchen">α-Teilchens</a> erlangt werden.
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {^{238}_{\ 92}U\ +\ _{\ 8}^{16}O\ \longrightarrow \ _{100}^{250}Fm\ +\ 4\ _{0}^{1}n} }">
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<mn>250</mn>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {^{238}_{\ 92}U\ +\ _{\ 8}^{16}O\ \longrightarrow \ _{100}^{250}Fm\ +\ 4\ _{0}^{1}n} }</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1678999e82bce78d45b0155aede165970cabf0c5.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:32.628ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {^{238}_{\ 92}U\ +\ _{\ 8}^{16}O\ \longrightarrow \ _{100}^{250}Fm\ +\ 4\ _{0}^{1}n} }" loading="lazy"></span>&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {(_{100}^{250}Fm\ \longrightarrow \ _{\ 98}^{246}Cf\ +\ _{2}^{4}He)} }">
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<mn>100</mn>
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<mn>250</mn>
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<mi mathvariant="normal">F</mi>
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<mn>246</mn>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {(_{100}^{250}Fm\ \longrightarrow \ _{\ 98}^{246}Cf\ +\ _{2}^{4}He)} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0d06ee90fe8314acb0de54a3c1977bfc3a42403d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:27.291ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {(_{100}^{250}Fm\ \longrightarrow \ _{\ 98}^{246}Cf\ +\ _{2}^{4}He)} }" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Das Team in Berkeley veröffentlichte schon einige Ergebnisse der chemischen Eigenschaften beider Elemente.<sup id="cite_ref-Properties_1_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Properties_1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Properties_2_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Properties_2-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Schließlich wurden die Ergebnisse der thermonuklearen Explosion im Jahr 1955 freigegeben und anschließend publiziert.<sup id="cite_ref-ES_FM_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ES_FM-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Letztlich war die Priorität des Berkeley-Teams allgemein anerkannt, da ihre fünf Publikationen der schwedischen Publikation vorausgingen und sie sich auf die zuvor noch geheimen Ergebnisse der thermonuklearen Explosion von 1952 stützen konnten. Damit war das Vorrecht verbunden, den neuen Elementen den Namen zu geben. Sie entschieden sich, diese fortan nach berühmten, bereits verstorbenen Wissenschaftlern zu benennen. Man war sich schnell einig, die Namen zu Ehren von <a href="Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a> und <a href="Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Enrico Fermi</a> zu vergeben, die beide erst vor kurzem verstorben waren:<sup id="cite_ref-Entdeckung_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Entdeckung-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> „We suggest for the name for the element with the atomic number 99, einsteinium (symbol&nbsp;E) after Albert Einstein and for the name for the element with atomic number 100, fermium (symbol&nbsp;Fm), after Enrico Fermi.“<sup id="cite_ref-ES_FM_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ES_FM-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die Bekanntgabe für die beiden neu entdeckten Elemente <i>Einsteinium</i> und <i>Fermium</i> erfolgte durch <a href="Albert_Ghiorso" title="Albert Ghiorso">Albert Ghiorso</a> auf der <a href="Genfer_Atomkonferenz" title="Genfer Atomkonferenz">1.&nbsp;Genfer Atomkonferenz</a>, die vom 8. bis 20.&nbsp;August 1955 stattfand.<sup id="cite_ref-Entdeckung_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Entdeckung-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Isotope">Isotope</h2></div>
<p>Sämtliche bisher bekannten 19 Nuklide und 3 <a href="Kernisomer" class="mw-redirect" title="Kernisomer">Kernisomere</a> sind radioaktiv und instabil.<sup id="cite_ref-knk_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-knk-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die bekannten Massenzahlen reichen von 242 bis 260. Die mit Abstand längste Halbwertszeit hat das Isotop <sup>257</sup>Fm mit 100,5 Tagen, so dass es auf der Erde keine natürlichen Vorkommen mehr geben kann. <sup>253</sup>Fm hat eine Halbwertszeit von 3&nbsp;Tagen, <sup>251</sup>Fm von 5,3&nbsp;h, <sup>252</sup>Fm von 25,4&nbsp;h, <sup>254</sup>Fm von 3,2&nbsp;h, <sup>255</sup>Fm von 20,1&nbsp;h und <sup>256</sup>Fm von 2,6&nbsp;h. Alle übrigen haben Halbwertszeiten von 30&nbsp;Minuten bis unterhalb einer Millisekunde.<sup id="cite_ref-nubase_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nubase-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Nimmt man den Zerfall des langlebigsten Isotops <sup>257</sup>Fm heraus, so entsteht durch α-Zerfall zunächst das <sup>253</sup>Cf, das seinerseits durch β-Zerfall in <sup>253</sup>Es übergeht. Der weitere Zerfall führt dann über <sup>249</sup>Bk, <sup>249</sup>Cf, <sup>245</sup>Cm, <sup>243</sup>Am, <sup>241</sup>Pu, <sup>241</sup>Am zum <sup>237</sup>Np, dem Beginn der <a href="Neptunium-Reihe" title="Neptunium-Reihe">Neptunium-Reihe</a> (4 n + 1).
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {^{257}_{100}Fm\ {\xrightarrow[{100,5\ d}]{\alpha }}\ _{\ 98}^{253}Cf\ {\xrightarrow[{17,81\ d}]{\beta ^{-}}}\ _{\ 99}^{253}Es\ {\xrightarrow[{20,47\ d}]{\alpha }}\ _{\ 97}^{249}Bk\rightarrow \ ...\rightarrow \ _{\ 93}^{237}Np} }">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {^{257}_{100}Fm\ {\xrightarrow[{100,5\ d}]{\alpha }}\ _{\ 98}^{253}Cf\ {\xrightarrow[{17,81\ d}]{\beta ^{-}}}\ _{\ 99}^{253}Es\ {\xrightarrow[{20,47\ d}]{\alpha }}\ _{\ 97}^{249}Bk\rightarrow \ ...\rightarrow \ _{\ 93}^{237}Np} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0976bf22416778cd427bb5b7cf5b80a38f25162b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.112ex; margin-top: -0.415ex; margin-bottom: -0.559ex; width:61.916ex; height:6.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {^{257}_{100}Fm\ {\xrightarrow[{100,5\ d}]{\alpha }}\ _{\ 98}^{253}Cf\ {\xrightarrow[{17,81\ d}]{\beta ^{-}}}\ _{\ 99}^{253}Es\ {\xrightarrow[{20,47\ d}]{\alpha }}\ _{\ 97}^{249}Bk\rightarrow \ ...\rightarrow \ _{\ 93}^{237}Np} }" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<dl><dd><small>Die angegebenen Zeiten sind Halbwertszeiten.</small></dd></dl>
<dl><dd></dd></dl>
<div class="sieheauch" role="navigation" style="font-style:italic;"><span class="sieheauch-text">Siehe auch</span>: <a href="Liste_der_Isotope/Ordnungszahl_91_bis_Ordnungszahl_100#100_Fermium" title="Liste der Isotope/Ordnungszahl 91 bis Ordnungszahl 100">Liste der Fermiumisotope</a></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fermiumbarriere">Fermiumbarriere</h2></div>
<p>Als <i>Fermiumbarriere</i> bezeichnet man den Umstand, dass die Fermiumisotope <sup>258</sup>Fm, <sup>259</sup>Fm und <sup>260</sup>Fm zum Teil schon nach Bruchteilen von Sekunden durch <a href="Spontane_Spaltung" title="Spontane Spaltung">Spontanspaltung</a> zerfallen (t<sub>½</sub>&nbsp;= 370&nbsp;<a href="Mikrosekunde" class="mw-redirect" title="Mikrosekunde">µs</a>, 1,5&nbsp;s bzw. 4&nbsp;ms). <sup>257</sup>Fm ist ein α-Strahler und zerfällt zu <sup>253</sup>Cf. Zudem zeigt keines der bislang bekannten Fermiumisotope β-Zerfälle, was die Bildung von <a href="Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">Mendelevium</a> durch Zerfall aus Fermium verhindert.<sup id="cite_ref-nubase_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nubase-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Diese Tatsachen vereiteln praktisch jede Bemühung, mit Hilfe von Neutronenstrahlung, zum Beispiel mit Hilfe eines Kernreaktors, Elemente mit Ordnungszahlen über 100 bzw. Massenzahlen größer als 257 zu erzeugen. Fermium ist somit das letzte Element, das durch Neutroneneinfang hergestellt werden kann.<sup id="cite_ref-Silva_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Silva-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jeder Versuch, weitere Neutronen zu einem Fermium-Kern hinzuzufügen, führt zu einer Spontanspaltung.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gewinnung">Gewinnung</h2></div>
<p>Fermium wird durch Beschuss von leichteren Actinoiden mit Neutronen in einem Kernreaktor erzeugt. Die Hauptquelle ist der 85&nbsp;<a href="Megawatt" title="Megawatt">MW</a> High-Flux-Isotope Reactor am <a href="Oak_Ridge_National_Laboratory" title="Oak Ridge National Laboratory">Oak Ridge National Laboratory</a> in Tennessee, USA, der auf die Herstellung von Transcuriumelementen (Z&nbsp;&gt; 96) eingerichtet ist.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>In Oak Ridge sind größere Mengen an <a href="Curium" title="Curium">Curium</a> bestrahlt worden, um <a href="Dezigramm" class="mw-redirect" title="Dezigramm">Dezigramm</a>-Mengen an <a href="Californium" title="Californium">Californium</a>, Milligramm-Mengen an <a href="Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Berkelium</a> und Einsteinium sowie <a href="Pikogramm" class="mw-redirect" title="Pikogramm">Pikogramm</a>-Mengen an Fermium zu erzeugen.<sup id="cite_ref-TEVA_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TEVA-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nanogramm- und Mikrogramm-Mengen von Fermium können für bestimmte Experimente vorbereitet werden.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die Mengen an Fermium, die in thermonuklearen Explosionen von 20 bis 200&nbsp;Kilotonnen entstehen, bewegen sich vermutlich in der Größenordnung von einigen Milligramm, obwohl es mit einer riesigen Menge von Explosionsresten gemischt ist; 40&nbsp;Pikogramm <sup>257</sup>Fm wurden aus 10&nbsp;Kilogramm der Explosionsreste aus dem <a href="Operation_Mandrel" title="Operation Mandrel">Hutch-Test</a> vom 16.&nbsp;Juli 1969 isoliert.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Nach der Bestrahlung muss Fermium von den anderen Actinoiden und den Lanthanoid-Spaltprodukten getrennt werden. Dies wird üblicherweise durch <a href="Ionenaustausch" class="mw-redirect" title="Ionenaustausch">Ionenaustauschchromatographie</a> erreicht, das Standardverfahren läuft mit Kationenaustauschern wie Dowex&nbsp;50 oder T<small>EVA</small>, man eluiert mit einer Lösung von Ammonium-α-hydroxyisobuttersäuremethylester.<sup id="cite_ref-TEVA_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TEVA-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kleinere Kationen bilden stabilere Komplexe mit den α-Hydroxyisobuttersäuremethylester-Anionen, daher werden sie bevorzugt von der Säule eluiert.<sup id="cite_ref-Silva_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Silva-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eine schnelle <a href="Fraktionierte_Kristallisation_(Chemie)" title="Fraktionierte Kristallisation (Chemie)">fraktionierte Kristallisationsmethode</a> wurde ebenfalls beschrieben.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Obwohl das stabilste Isotop des Fermiums das <sup>257</sup>Fm mit einer Halbwertszeit von 100,5&nbsp;Tagen ist, basieren die meisten Studien auf <sup>255</sup>Fm (t<sub>½</sub>&nbsp;= 20,07&nbsp;Stunden). Dieses Isotop kann leicht isoliert werden, es ist ein Zerfallsprodukt des <sup>255</sup>Es (t<sub>½</sub>&nbsp;= 39,8&nbsp;Tage).<sup id="cite_ref-Silva_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Silva-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Geringe Mengen an Einsteinium und Fermium wurden aus <a href="Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Plutonium</a> isoliert und abgetrennt, welches mit Neutronen bestrahlt wurde. Vier Einsteiniumisotope wurden gefunden (mit Angabe der damals gemessenen Halbwertszeiten): <sup>253</sup>Es (α-Strahler mit t<sub>½</sub>&nbsp;= 20,03&nbsp;Tage, sowie mit einer Spontanspaltungs-Halbwertszeit von 7 · 10<sup>5</sup>&nbsp;Jahren); <sup>254<i>m</i></sup>Es (β-Strahler mit t<sub>½</sub>&nbsp;= 38,5&nbsp;Stunden), <sup>254</sup>Es (α-Strahler mit t<sub>½</sub>&nbsp;= ∼&nbsp;320&nbsp;Tage) und <sup>255</sup>Es (β-Strahler mit t<sub>½</sub>&nbsp;= 24&nbsp;Tage). Zwei Fermiumisotope wurden gefunden: <sup>254</sup>Fm (α-Strahler mit t<sub>½</sub>&nbsp;= 3,24&nbsp;Stunden, sowie mit einer Spontanspaltungs-Halbwertszeit von 246&nbsp;Tagen) und <sup>255</sup>Fm (α-Strahler mit t<sub>½</sub>&nbsp;= 21,5&nbsp;Stunden).<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Durch Beschuss von Uran mit fünffach ionisierten Stickstoff- und sechsfach ionisierten Sauerstoffatomen wurden gleichfalls Einsteinium- und Fermiumisotope erzeugt.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eigenschaften">Eigenschaften</h2></div>

<p>Im <a href="Periodensystem" title="Periodensystem">Periodensystem</a> steht das Fermium mit der Ordnungszahl 100 in der Reihe der Actinoide, sein Vorgänger ist das Einsteinium, das nachfolgende Element ist das <a href="Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">Mendelevium</a>. Sein <a href="Analogon_(Chemie)" title="Analogon (Chemie)">Analogon</a> in der Reihe der <a href="Lanthanoide" title="Lanthanoide">Lanthanoide</a> ist das <a href="Erbium" title="Erbium">Erbium</a>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Physikalische_Eigenschaften">Physikalische Eigenschaften</h3></div>
<p>Das Metall wurde bislang nicht dargestellt, hingegen erfolgten Messungen an <a href="Legierung" title="Legierung">Legierungen</a> mit <a href="Lanthanoide" title="Lanthanoide">Lanthanoiden</a>, ferner liegen einige Berechnungen oder Vorhersagen vor. Die <a href="Sublimationsenthalpie" class="mw-redirect" title="Sublimationsenthalpie">Sublimationsenthalpie</a> ist direkt mit der <a href="Valenzelektron" title="Valenzelektron">Valenzelektronenstruktur</a> des Metalls verbunden. Die Sublimationsenthalpie von Fermium wurde direkt durch Messung des <a href="Partialdruck" title="Partialdruck">Partialdrucks</a> des Fermiums über Fm-<a href="Samarium" title="Samarium">Sm</a>- und Fm/Es-<a href="Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium">Yb</a>-Legierungen im Temperaturbereich von 642 bis 905&nbsp;K bestimmt. Sie gelangten zu einem Wert von 142(13)&nbsp;kJ·mol<sup>−1</sup>. Da die Sublimationsenthalpie von Fermium ähnlich ist zu denen des zweiwertigen Einsteinium, Europium und Ytterbium, wurde der Schluss gezogen, dass Fermium einen zweiwertigen metallischen Zustand besitzt. Vergleiche mit Radien und Schmelzpunkten von Europium-, Ytterbium- und Einsteinium-Metall führten zu geschätzten Werten von 198&nbsp;<a href="Pikometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Pikometer">pm</a> und 1125&nbsp;K für Fermium.<sup id="cite_ref-Silva_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Silva-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Das <a href="Normalpotential" class="mw-redirect" title="Normalpotential">Normalpotential</a> wurde als ähnlich zum <a href="Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium">Ytterbium</a> Yb<sup>3+</sup>/Yb<sup>2+</sup>-Paar eingeschätzt, also etwa −1,15&nbsp;V in Bezug auf die <a href="Standard-Wasserstoffelektrode" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard-Wasserstoffelektrode">Standard-Wasserstoffelektrode</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ein Wert, der mit theoretischen Berechnungen übereinstimmt.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Auf der Grundlage <a href="Polarographie" class="mw-redirect" title="Polarographie">polarographischer</a> Messungen wurde für das Fm<sup>2+</sup>/Fm<sup>0</sup>-Paar ein Normalpotential von −2,37&nbsp;V festgestellt.<sup id="cite_ref-FM_2plus_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FM_2plus-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fm<sup>3+</sup> kann relativ leicht zu Fm<sup>2+</sup> reduziert werden,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> z.&nbsp;B. mit <a href="Samarium(II)-chlorid" title="Samarium(II)-chlorid">Samarium(II)-chlorid</a>, mit dem Fermium zusammen ausfällt.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chemische_Eigenschaften">Chemische Eigenschaften</h3></div>
<p>Die Chemie des Fermiums konnte bisher nur in Lösung mit Hilfe von Tracertechniken untersucht werden, feste Verbindungen wurden nicht hergestellt. Unter normalen Bedingungen liegt Fermium in Lösung als Fm<sup>3+</sup>-Ion vor, welches eine <a href="Hydratation" title="Hydratation">Hydratationszahl</a> von 16,9 besitzt und eine <a href="S%C3%A4urekonstante" title="Säurekonstante">Säurekonstante</a> von 1,6&nbsp;·&nbsp;10<sup>−4</sup> (pK<sub>s</sub>&nbsp;= 3,8).<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fm<sup>3+</sup> bildet Komplexe mit einer Vielzahl von organischen Liganden mit harten Donoratomen wie Sauerstoff; und diese Komplexe sind in der Regel stabiler als die der vorhergehenden Actinoide.<sup id="cite_ref-Silva_20-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Silva-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Es bildet auch anionische Komplexe mit Liganden wie Chlorid oder Nitrat; und auch diese Komplexe scheinen stabiler zu sein als die von Einsteinium oder Californium.<sup id="cite_ref-Properties_1_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Properties_1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Properties_2_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Properties_2-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Es wird angenommen, dass die Bindung in den Komplexen der höheren Actinoide meist ionischen Charakter hat: das Fm<sup>3+</sup>-Ion ist erwartungsgemäß kleiner als die vorhergehenden An<sup>3+</sup>-Ionen – aufgrund der höheren effektiven Kernladung von Fermium –; und damit würde Fermium voraussichtlich kürzere und stärkere Metall-Ligand-Bindungen bilden.<sup id="cite_ref-Silva_20-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Silva-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sicherheitshinweise">Sicherheitshinweise</h2></div>
<p>Einstufungen nach der <a href="Verordnung_(EG)_Nr._1272/2008_(CLP)" title="Verordnung (EG) Nr. 1272/2008 (CLP)">CLP-Verordnung</a> liegen nicht vor, weil diese nur die chemische Gefährlichkeit umfassen und eine völlig untergeordnete Rolle gegenüber den auf der <a href="Radioaktivit%C3%A4t" title="Radioaktivität">Radioaktivität</a> beruhenden Gefahren spielen. Auch Letzteres gilt nur, wenn es sich um eine dafür relevante Stoffmenge handelt.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Verwendung">Verwendung</h2></div>
<p>Fermium wird – in Form seiner Verbindungen in Lösung – in erster Linie in geringen Mengen zu Studienzwecken gewonnen. Verbindungen des Fermiums wurden in fester Form bislang nicht dargestellt.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literatur">Literatur</h2></div>
<ul><li>Robert J. Silva: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://radchem.nevada.edu/classes/rdch710/files/Fm%20to%20Lr.pdf"><i>Fermium, Mendelevium, Nobelium, and Lawrencium</i></a>, in: Lester R. Morss, Norman M. Edelstein, Jean Fuger (Hrsg.): <i>The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements</i>, Springer, Dordrecht 2006; ISBN 1-4020-3555-1, S.&nbsp;1621–1651 (<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-3598-5_13" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.1007/1-4020-3598-5 13">doi:10.1007/1-4020-3598-5_13</a>).</li>
<li>Glenn T. Seaborg (Hrsg.): <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/92g2p7cd.pdf">Proceedings of the 'Symposium Commemorating the 25th Anniversary of Elements 99 and 100'</a></i>, 23.&nbsp;Januar 1978; Report LBL-7701, April 1979.</li>
<li><i><a href="Gmelins_Handbuch_der_anorganischen_Chemie" title="Gmelins Handbuch der anorganischen Chemie">Gmelins Handbuch der anorganischen Chemie</a></i>, System Nr.&nbsp;71, Transurane: Teil&nbsp;A&nbsp;1&nbsp;II, S.&nbsp;19–20; Teil&nbsp;A&nbsp;2, S.&nbsp;47; Teil&nbsp;B&nbsp;1, S.&nbsp;84.</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Weblinks">Weblinks</h2></div>
<div class="sisterproject" style="margin:0.1em 0 0 0;"><div class="noresize noviewer" style="display:inline-block; line-height:10px; min-width:1.6em; text-align:center;" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons"></span></span></div><b><span class=""><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Fermium?uselang=de"><span lang="en">Commons</span>: Fermium</a></span></b>&nbsp;– Sammlung von Bildern, Videos und Audiodateien</div>
<div class="sisterproject" style="margin:0.1em 0 0 0;"><span class="noviewer" style="display:inline-block; line-height:10px; min-width:1.6em; text-align:center;" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Wiktionary"></span></span></span><b><a href="https://de.wiktionary.org/wiki/Fermium" class="extiw external" title="wikt:Fermium">Wiktionary: Fermium</a></b>&nbsp;– Bedeutungserklärungen, Wortherkunft, Synonyme, Übersetzungen</div>
<ul><li>Eintrag zu <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://roempp.thieme.de/lexicon/RD-06-00507"><i>Fermium</i></a>. In: <i><a href="R%C3%B6mpp_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Römpp Online">Römpp Online</a>.</i> Georg Thieme Verlag, abgerufen am 3.&nbsp;Januar 2015.<span class="editoronly" style="display:none;"></span></li>
<li>Albert Ghiorso: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubsapp.acs.org/cen/80th/einsteiniumfermium.html"><i>Einsteinium and Fermium</i></a>, Chemical &amp; Engineering News, 2003.</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Einzelnachweise">Einzelnachweise</h2></div>
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Die Werte der atomaren und physikalischen Eigenschaften (Infobox) sind, wenn nicht anders angegeben, entnommen aus: Robert J. Silva: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r261891140">
/* start https://de.wikipedia.org/ */


.mw-parser-output .webarchiv-memento a{color:inherit}


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</style><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100717155410/http://radchem.nevada.edu/classes/rdch710/files/Fm%20to%20Lr.pdf"><i>Fermium, Mendelevium, Nobelium, and Lawrencium</i></a> (<span class="webarchiv-memento"><a href="Webarchivierung#Begrifflichkeiten" title="Webarchivierung">Memento</a></span> vom 17. Juli 2010 im <i><a href="Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></i>), in: Lester R. Morss, Norman M. Edelstein, Jean Fuger (Hrsg.): <i>The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements</i>, Springer, Dordrecht 2006, ISBN 1-4020-3555-1, S.&nbsp;1621–1651.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-NIST-ASD-fermium-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-NIST-ASD-fermium_2-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-NIST-ASD-fermium_2-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-NIST-ASD-fermium_2-2">c</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-NIST-ASD-fermium_2-3">d</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-NIST-ASD-fermium_2-4">e</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Eintrag zu <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/ie.pl?spectra=fermium&amp;units=1&amp;e_out=0&amp;unc_out=1&amp;at_num_out=1&amp;el_name_out=1&amp;ion_charge_out=1&amp;biblio=1"><i>fermium</i></a> in Kramida, A., Ralchenko, Yu., Reader, J. und NIST ASD Team (2019): <cite style="font-style:italic">NIST Atomic Spectra Database (ver. 5.7.1)</cite>. Hrsg.: <a href="National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology" title="National Institute of Standards and Technology">National Institute of Standards and Technology</a>, Gaithersburg, MD. <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18434/T4W30F">10.18434/T4W30F</a></span> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://physics.nist.gov/asd">physics.nist.gov/asd</a>).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Fermium&amp;rft.au=Kramida%2C+A.%2C+Ralchenko%2C+...&amp;rft.btitle=NIST+Atomic+Spectra+Database+%28ver.+5.7.1%29&amp;rft.doi=10.18434%2FT4W30F&amp;rft.genre=book" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span> Abgerufen am 13.&nbsp;Juni 2020.<span class="editoronly" style="display:none;"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Webelements-fermium-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Webelements-fermium_3-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Webelements-fermium_3-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Webelements-fermium_3-2">c</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Webelements-fermium_3-3">d</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Webelements-fermium_3-4">e</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Eintrag zu <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webelements.com/fermium/atoms.html"><i>fermium</i></a> bei <i>WebElements, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webelements.com">www.webelements.com</a></i>, abgerufen am 13.&nbsp;Juni 2020.<span class="editoronly" style="display:none;"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-NV-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-NV_4-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Die von der Radioaktivität ausgehenden Gefahren gehören nicht zu den einzustufenden Eigenschaften nach der GHS-Kennzeichnung. In Bezug auf weitere Gefahren wurde dieses Element entweder noch nicht eingestuft oder eine verlässliche und zitierfähige Quelle hierzu wurde noch nicht gefunden. </span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Entdeckung-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Entdeckung_5-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Entdeckung_5-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Entdeckung_5-2">c</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Entdeckung_5-3">d</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Entdeckung_5-4">e</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Entdeckung_5-5">f</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Entdeckung_5-6">g</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Entdeckung_5-7">h</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">
Albert Ghiorso: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pubs.acs.org/cen/80th/einsteiniumfermium.html"><i>Einsteinium and Fermium</i></a>, Chemical &amp; Engineering News, 2003.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="Albert_Ghiorso" title="Albert Ghiorso">Albert Ghiorso</a>, G. Bernard Rossi, Bernard G. Harvey, Stanley G. Thompson: <i>Reactions of U<sup>238</sup> with Cyclotron-Produced Nitrogen Ions</i>, in: <i><a href="Physical_Review" title="Physical Review">Physical Review</a></i>, <b>1954</b>, <i>93</i>&nbsp;(1), S.&nbsp;257–257 (<a href="https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.93.257" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.1103/PhysRev.93.257">doi:10.1103/PhysRev.93.257</a>).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">S. G. Thompson, A. Ghiorso, B. G. Harvey, G. R. Choppin: <i>Transcurium Isotopes Produced in the Neutron Irradiation of Plutonium</i>, in: <i><a href="Physical_Review" title="Physical Review">Physical Review</a></i>, <b>1954</b>, <i>93</i>&nbsp;(4), S.&nbsp;908–908 (<a href="https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.93.908" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.1103/PhysRev.93.908">doi:10.1103/PhysRev.93.908</a>).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">B. G. Harvey, S. G. Thompson, A. Ghiorso, G. R. Choppin: <i>Further Production of Transcurium Nuclides by Neutron Irradiation</i>, in: <i><a href="Physical_Review" title="Physical Review">Physical Review</a></i>, <b>1954</b>, <i>93</i>&nbsp;(5), S.&nbsp;1129–1129 (<a href="https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.93.1129" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.1103/PhysRev.93.1129">doi:10.1103/PhysRev.93.1129</a>).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">M. H. Studier, P. R. Fields, H. Diamond, J. F. Mech, A. M. Friedman, P. A. Sellers, G. Pyle, C. M. Stevens, L. B. Magnusson, J. R. Huizenga: <i>Elements 99 and 100 from Pile-Irradiated Plutonium</i>, in: <i><a href="Physical_Review" title="Physical Review">Physical Review</a></i>, <b>1954</b>, <i>93</i>&nbsp;(6), S.&nbsp;1428–1428 (<a href="https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.93.1428" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.1103/PhysRev.93.1428">doi:10.1103/PhysRev.93.1428</a>).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">P. R. Fields, M. H. Studier, J. F. Mech, H. Diamond, A. M. Friedman, L. B. Magnusson, J. R. Huizenga: <i>Additional Properties of Isotopes of Elements 99 and 100</i>, in: <i><a href="Physical_Review" title="Physical Review">Physical Review</a></i>, <b>1954</b>, <i>94</i>&nbsp;(1), S.&nbsp;209–210 (<a href="https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.94.209" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.1103/PhysRev.94.209">doi:10.1103/PhysRev.94.209</a>).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">G. R. Choppin, S. G. Thompson, A. Ghiorso, B. G. Harvey: <i>Nuclear Properties of Some Isotopes of Californium, Elements 99 and 100</i>, in: <i><a href="Physical_Review" title="Physical Review">Physical Review</a></i>, <b>1954</b>, <i>94</i>&nbsp;(4), S.&nbsp;1080–1081 (<a href="https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.94.1080" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.1103/PhysRev.94.1080">doi:10.1103/PhysRev.94.1080</a>).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hugo Atterling, Wilhelm Forsling, Lennart W. Holm, Lars Melander, Björn Åström: <i>Element 100 Produced by Means of Cyclotron-Accelerated Oxygen Ions</i>, in: <i><a href="Physical_Review" title="Physical Review">Physical Review</a></i>, <b>1954</b>, <i>95</i>&nbsp;(2), S.&nbsp;585–586 (<a href="https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.95.585.2" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.1103/PhysRev.95.585.2">doi:10.1103/PhysRev.95.585.2</a>).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Properties_1-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Properties_1_13-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Properties_1_13-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="G._T._Seaborg" class="mw-redirect" title="G. T. Seaborg">G. T. Seaborg</a>, S. G. Thompson, B. G. Harvey, G. R. Choppin: <i>Chemical Properties of Elements 99 and 100</i>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osti.gov/scitech/biblio/4405197">Abstract</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osti.gov/scitech/servlets/purl/4405197/4405197.pdf">Maschinoskript (23.&nbsp;Juli 1954), Radiation Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, UCRL-2591 (Rev.)</a> (PDF; 1,5&nbsp;MB).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Properties_2-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Properties_2_14-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Properties_2_14-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">S. G. Thompson, B. G. Harvey, G. R. Choppin, G. T. Seaborg: <i>Chemical Properties of Elements 99 and 100</i>, in: <i><a href="J._Am._Chem._Soc." class="mw-redirect" title="J. Am. Chem. Soc.">J. Am. Chem. Soc.</a></i>, <b>1954</b>, <i>76</i>&nbsp;(24), S.&nbsp;6229–6236 (<a href="https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01653a004" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.1021/ja01653a004">doi:10.1021/ja01653a004</a>).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-ES_FM-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-ES_FM_15-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-ES_FM_15-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">A. Ghiorso, S. G. Thompson, G. H. Higgins, G. T. Seaborg (<i>Radiation Laboratory and Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California</i>), M. H. Studier, P. R. Fields, S. M. Fried, H. Diamond, J. F. Mech, G. L. Pyle, J. R. Huizenga, A. Hirsch, W. M. Manning (<i>Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois</i>), C. I. Browne, H. L. Smith, R. W. Spence (<i>Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico</i>): <i>New Elements Einsteinium and Fermium, Atomic Numbers 99 and 100</i>, in: <i><a href="Physical_Review" title="Physical Review">Physical Review</a></i>, <b>1955</b>, <i>99</i>&nbsp;(3), S.&nbsp;1048–1049 (<a href="https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.99.1048" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.1103/PhysRev.99.1048">doi:10.1103/PhysRev.99.1048</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://repositories.cdlib.org/lbnl/UCRL-3036">Maschinoskript (9.&nbsp;Juni 1955), Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. Paper UCRL-3036</a>).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">P. R. Fields, M. H. Studier, H. Diamond, J. F. Mech, M. G. Inghram, G. L. Pyle, C. M. Stevens, S. Fried, W. M. Manning (<i>Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois</i>); A. Ghiorso, S. G. Thompson, G. H. Higgins, G. T. Seaborg (<i>University of California, Berkeley, California</i>): <i>Transplutonium Elements in Thermonuclear Test Debris</i>, in: <i><a href="Physical_Review" title="Physical Review">Physical Review</a></i>, <b>1956</b>, <i>102</i>&nbsp;(1), S.&nbsp;180–182 (<a href="https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.102.180" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.1103/PhysRev.102.180">doi:10.1103/PhysRev.102.180</a>).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Das Handbook of Chemistry and Physics verwendete noch 2004 den provisorischen <a href="Systematische_Elementnamen" title="Systematische Elementnamen">systematischen Namen</a> <i>Unnilnilium</i>: David R. Lide: <i><a href="CRC_Handbook_of_Chemistry_and_Physics" title="CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics">CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics</a></i>, 85.&nbsp;Auflage, CRC Press, 2004, ISBN 978-0-8493-0485-9, Section 4, S.&nbsp;4–10 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.de/books?id=WDll8hA006AC&amp;q=crc+handbook+of+chemistry">eingeschränkte Vorschau</a> in der Google-Buchsuche). In der 90.&nbsp;Auflage ist davon nicht mehr die Rede (S.&nbsp;4–12 bis 4–13).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-knk-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-knk_18-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">G. Pfennig, H. Klewe-Nebenius, W. Seelmann-Eggebert (Hrsg.): <i>Karlsruher <a href="Nuklidkarte" title="Nuklidkarte">Nuklidkarte</a></i>, 7. Aufl., 2006.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-nubase-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-nubase_19-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-nubase_19-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">G. Audi, O. Bersillon, J. Blachot, A. H. Wapstra: <i>The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties</i>, in: <i><a href="Nuclear_Physics_A" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear Physics A">Nuclear Physics A</a></i>, 729, 2003, S.&nbsp;3–128. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001">doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001</a>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amdc.in2p3.fr/nubase/nubase2003/Nubase2003.pdf">PDF</a>; 1,0&nbsp;MB).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Silva-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Silva_20-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Silva_20-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Silva_20-2">c</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Silva_20-3">d</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Silva_20-4">e</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Silva_20-5">f</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert J. Silva: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100717155410/http://radchem.nevada.edu/classes/rdch710/files/Fm%20to%20Lr.pdf"><i>Fermium, Mendelevium, Nobelium, and Lawrencium</i></a> (<span class="webarchiv-memento"><a href="Webarchivierung#Begrifflichkeiten" title="Webarchivierung">Memento</a></span> vom 17. Juli 2010 im <i><a href="Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></i>), in: Lester R. Morss, Norman M. Edelstein, Jean Fuger (Hrsg.): <i>The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements</i>, 3. Auflage, Springer, Dordrecht 2006, Band&nbsp;3, S.&nbsp;1621–1651.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://neutrons.ornl.gov/facilities/HFIR/"><i>High Flux Isotope Reactor</i></a>, Oak Ridge National Laboratory; abgerufen am 23. September 2010.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-TEVA-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-TEVA_22-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-TEVA_22-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">C. E. Porter, F. D. Riley, Jr., R. D. Vandergrift, L. K. Felker: <i>Fermium Purification Using Teva™ Resin Extraction Chromatography</i>, in: <i>Sep. Sci. Technol.</i>, <b>1997</b>, <i>32</i>&nbsp;(1–4), S.&nbsp;83–92 (<a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/01496399708003188" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.1080/01496399708003188">doi:10.1080/01496399708003188</a>).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">M. Sewtz, H. Backe, A. Dretzke, G. Kube, W. Lauth, P. Schwamb, K. Eberhardt, C. Grüning, P. Thörle, N. Trautmann, P. Kunz, J. Lassen, G. Passler, C. Z. Dong, S. Fritzsche, R. G. Haire: <i>First Observation of Atomic Levels for the Element Fermium (</i>Z<i>&nbsp;= 100)</i>, in: <i><a href="Phys._Rev._Lett." class="mw-redirect" title="Phys. Rev. Lett.">Phys. Rev. Lett.</a></i>, <b>2003</b>, <i>90</i>&nbsp;(16), S.&nbsp;163002 (<a href="https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.90.163002" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.90.163002">doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.90.163002</a>).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">R. W. Hoff, E. K. Hulet: <i>Engineering with Nuclear Explosives</i>, <b>1970</b>, <i>2</i>, S.&nbsp;1283–1294.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">G. R. Choppin, B. G. Harvey, S. G. Thompson: <i>A new eluant for the separation of the actinide elements</i>, in: <i><a href="J._Inorg._Nucl._Chem." class="mw-redirect" title="J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem.">J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem.</a></i>, <b>1956</b>, <i>2</i>&nbsp;(1), S.&nbsp;66–68 (<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1902(56)80105-X" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.1016/0022-1902(56)80105-X">doi:10.1016/0022-1902(56)80105-X</a>).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">N. B. Mikheev, A. N. Kamenskaya, N. A. Konovalova, I. A. Rumer, S. A. Kulyukhin: <i>High-speed method for the separation of fermium from actinides and lanthanides</i>, in: <i>Radiokhimiya</i>, <b>1983</b>, <i>25</i>&nbsp;(2), S.&nbsp;158–161.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">M. Jones, R. P. Schuman, J. P. Butler, G. Cowper, T. A. Eastwood, H. G. Jackson: <i>Isotopes of Einsteinium and Fermium Produced by Neutron Irradiation of Plutonium</i>, in: <i><a href="Physical_Review" title="Physical Review">Physical Review</a></i>, <b>1956</b>, <i>102</i>&nbsp;(1), S.&nbsp;203–207 (<a href="https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.102.203" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.1103/PhysRev.102.203">doi:10.1103/PhysRev.102.203</a>).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">L. I. Guseva, K. V. Filippova, Yu. B. Gerlit, V. A. Druin, B. F. Myasoedov, N. I. Tarantin: <i>Experiments on the Production of Einsteinium and Fermium with a Cyclotron</i>, in: <i>Journal of Nuclear Energy</i>, <b>1954</b>, <i>3</i>&nbsp;(4), S.&nbsp;341–346 (übersetzt im November 1956) (<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/0891-3919(56)90064-X" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.1016/0891-3919(56)90064-X">doi:10.1016/0891-3919(56)90064-X</a>).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">N. B. Mikheev, V. I. Spitsyn, A. N. Kamenskaya, N. A. Konovalova, I. A. Rumer, L. N. Auerman, A. M. Podorozhnyi: <i>Determination of oxidation potential of the pair Fm<sup>2+</sup>/Fm<sup>3+</sup></i>, in: <i><a href="Inorg._Nucl._Chem._Lett." class="mw-redirect" title="Inorg. Nucl. Chem. Lett.">Inorg. Nucl. Chem. Lett.</a></i>, <b>1977</b>, <i>13</i>&nbsp;(12), S.&nbsp;651–656 (<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/0020-1650(77)80074-3" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.1016/0020-1650(77)80074-3">doi:10.1016/0020-1650(77)80074-3</a>).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-30">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">L. J. Nugent, in: <i>MTP Int. Rev. Sci.: Inorg. Chem., Ser. One</i>, <b>1975</b>, <i>7</i>, S.&nbsp;195–219.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FM_2plus-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FM_2plus_31-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">K. Samhoun, F. David, R. L. Hahn, G. D. O’Kelley, J. R. Tarrant, D. E. Hobart: <i>Electrochemical study of mendelevium in aqueous solution: No evidence for monovalent ions</i>, in: <i><a href="J._Inorg._Nucl._Chem." class="mw-redirect" title="J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem.">J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem.</a></i>, <b>1979</b>, <i>41</i>&nbsp;(12), S.&nbsp;1749–1754 (<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1902(79)80117-7" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.1016/0022-1902(79)80117-7">doi:10.1016/0022-1902(79)80117-7</a>).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-32">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jaromír Malý: <i>The amalgamation behaviour of heavy elements 1. Observation of anomalous preference in formation of amalgams of californium, einsteinium, and fermium</i>, in: <i><a href="Inorg._Nucl._Chem._Lett." class="mw-redirect" title="Inorg. Nucl. Chem. Lett.">Inorg. Nucl. Chem. Lett.</a></i>, <b>1967</b>, <i>3</i>&nbsp;(9), S.&nbsp;373–381 (<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/0020-1650(67)80046-1" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.1016/0020-1650(67)80046-1">doi:10.1016/0020-1650(67)80046-1</a>).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-33">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">N. B. Mikheev, V. I. Spitsyn, A. N. Kamenskaya, B. A. Gvozdec, V. A. Druin, I. A. Rumer, R. A. Dyachkova, N. A. Rozenkevitch, L. N. Auerman: <i>Reduction of fermium to divalent state in chloride aqueous ethanolic solutions</i>, in: <i><a href="Inorg._Nucl._Chem._Lett." class="mw-redirect" title="Inorg. Nucl. Chem. Lett.">Inorg. Nucl. Chem. Lett.</a></i>, <b>1972</b>, <i>8</i>&nbsp;(11), S.&nbsp;929–936 (<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/0020-1650(72)80202-2" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.1016/0020-1650(72)80202-2">doi:10.1016/0020-1650(72)80202-2</a>).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-34">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">E. K. Hulet, R. W. Lougheed, P. A. Baisden, J. H. Landrum, J. F. Wild, R. F. Lundqvist: <i>Non-observance of monovalent Md</i>, in: <i><a href="J._Inorg._Nucl._Chem." class="mw-redirect" title="J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem.">J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem.</a></i>, <b>1979</b>, <i>41</i>&nbsp;(12), S.&nbsp;1743–1747 (<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1902(79)80116-5" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.1016/0022-1902(79)80116-5">doi:10.1016/0022-1902(79)80116-5</a>).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-35">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Lundqvist, E. K. Hulet, T. A. Baisden: <i>Electromigration Method in Tracer Studies of Complex Chemistry. II. Hydrated Radii and Hydration Numbers of Trivalent Actinides</i>, in: <i><a href="Acta_Chem._Scand.%2C_Ser._A" class="mw-redirect" title="Acta Chem. Scand., Ser. A">Acta Chem. Scand., Ser. A</a></i>, <b>1981</b>, <i>35</i>, S.&nbsp;653–661 (<a href="https://doi.org/10.3891/acta.chem.scand.35a-0653" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.3891/acta.chem.scand.35a-0653">doi:10.3891/acta.chem.scand.35a-0653</a>).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-36">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">H. Hussonnois, S. Hubert, L. Aubin, R. Guillaumont, G. Boussieres: <i>Radiochem. Radioanal. Lett.</i>, <b>1972</b>, <i>10</i>, S.&nbsp;231–238.</span>
</li>
</ol>
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<div class="klappleiste mw-collapsible navileiste navigation-not-searchable center" role="navigation">
<div class="klappleiste-kopf"><a href="Periodensystem" title="Periodensystem">Periodensystem</a> der <a href="Chemisches_Element" title="Chemisches Element">Elemente</a></div>
<div class="klappleiste-inhalt mw-collapsible-content">
<table cellpadding="0" style="border-collapse:collapse; font-size:smaller; margin-top:2em; text-align:center; width:100%">
<tbody><tr>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#32cd32"><a href="Wasserstoff" title="Wasserstoff">H</a>
</td>
<td style="width:93.75%" colspan="30">
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#87cefa"><a href="Helium" title="Helium">He</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#ff4500"><a href="Lithium" title="Lithium">Li</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#ff8c00"><a href="Beryllium" title="Beryllium">Be</a>
</td>
<td colspan="24">
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#cd853f"><a href="Bor" title="Bor">B</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#32cd32"><a href="Kohlenstoff" title="Kohlenstoff">C</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#32cd32"><a href="Stickstoff" title="Stickstoff">N</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#32cd32"><a href="Sauerstoff" title="Sauerstoff">O</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f0e68c"><a href="Fluor" title="Fluor">F</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#87cefa"><a href="Neon" title="Neon">Ne</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#ff4500"><a href="Natrium" title="Natrium">Na</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#ff8c00"><a href="Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Mg</a>
</td>
<td colspan="24">
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#a9a9a9"><a href="Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Al</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#cd853f"><a href="Silicium" title="Silicium">Si</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#32cd32"><a href="Phosphor" title="Phosphor">P</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#32cd32"><a href="Schwefel" title="Schwefel">S</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f0e68c"><a href="Chlor" title="Chlor">Cl</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#87cefa"><a href="Argon" title="Argon">Ar</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#ff4500"><a href="Kalium" title="Kalium">K</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#ff8c00"><a href="Calcium" title="Calcium">Ca</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Scandium" title="Scandium">Sc</a>
</td>
<td colspan="14">
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Titan_(Element)" title="Titan (Element)">Ti</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Vanadium" title="Vanadium">V</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Chrom" title="Chrom">Cr</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Mangan" title="Mangan">Mn</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Eisen" title="Eisen">Fe</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Co</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Nickel" title="Nickel">Ni</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Kupfer" title="Kupfer">Cu</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Zink" title="Zink">Zn</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#a9a9a9"><a href="Gallium" title="Gallium">Ga</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#cd853f"><a href="Germanium" title="Germanium">Ge</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#cd853f"><a href="Arsen" title="Arsen">As</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#cd853f"><a href="Selen" title="Selen">Se</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f0e68c"><a href="Brom" title="Brom">Br</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#87cefa"><a href="Krypton" title="Krypton">Kr</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#ff4500"><a href="Rubidium" title="Rubidium">Rb</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#ff8c00"><a href="Strontium" title="Strontium">Sr</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Yttrium" title="Yttrium">Y</a>
</td>
<td colspan="14">
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Zirconium" title="Zirconium">Zr</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Niob" title="Niob">Nb</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Molybd%C3%A4n" title="Molybdän">Mo</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Technetium" title="Technetium">Tc</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">Ru</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Rhodium" title="Rhodium">Rh</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Palladium" title="Palladium">Pd</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Silber" title="Silber">Ag</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Cadmium" title="Cadmium">Cd</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#a9a9a9"><a href="Indium" title="Indium">In</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#a9a9a9"><a href="Zinn" title="Zinn">Sn</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#cd853f"><a href="Antimon" title="Antimon">Sb</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#cd853f"><a href="Tellur" title="Tellur">Te</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f0e68c"><a href="Iod" title="Iod">I</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#87cefa"><a href="Xenon" title="Xenon">Xe</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#ff4500"><a href="Caesium" title="Caesium">Cs</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#ff8c00"><a href="Barium" title="Barium">Ba</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Lanthan" title="Lanthan">La</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#dda0dd"><a href="Cer" title="Cer">Ce</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#dda0dd"><a href="Praseodym" title="Praseodym">Pr</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#dda0dd"><a href="Neodym" title="Neodym">Nd</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#dda0dd"><a href="Promethium" title="Promethium">Pm</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#dda0dd"><a href="Samarium" title="Samarium">Sm</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#dda0dd"><a href="Europium" title="Europium">Eu</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#dda0dd"><a href="Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">Gd</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#dda0dd"><a href="Terbium" title="Terbium">Tb</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#dda0dd"><a href="Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium">Dy</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#dda0dd"><a href="Holmium" title="Holmium">Ho</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#dda0dd"><a href="Erbium" title="Erbium">Er</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#dda0dd"><a href="Thulium" title="Thulium">Tm</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#dda0dd"><a href="Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium">Yb</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#dda0dd"><a href="Lutetium" title="Lutetium">Lu</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Hafnium" title="Hafnium">Hf</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Tantal" title="Tantal">Ta</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Wolfram" title="Wolfram">W</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Rhenium" title="Rhenium">Re</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Osmium" title="Osmium">Os</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Iridium" title="Iridium">Ir</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Platin" title="Platin">Pt</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Gold" title="Gold">Au</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Quecksilber" title="Quecksilber">Hg</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#a9a9a9"><a href="Thallium" title="Thallium">Tl</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#a9a9a9"><a href="Blei" title="Blei">Pb</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#a9a9a9"><a href="Bismut" title="Bismut">Bi</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#a9a9a9"><a href="Polonium" title="Polonium">Po</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f0e68c"><a href="Astat" title="Astat">At</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#87cefa"><a href="Radon" title="Radon">Rn</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#ff4500"><a href="Francium" title="Francium">Fr</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#ff8c00"><a href="Radium" title="Radium">Ra</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Actinium" title="Actinium">Ac</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#da70d6"><a href="Thorium" title="Thorium">Th</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#da70d6"><a href="Protactinium" title="Protactinium">Pa</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#da70d6"><a href="Uran" title="Uran">U</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#da70d6"><a href="Neptunium" title="Neptunium">Np</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#da70d6"><a href="Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Pu</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#da70d6"><a href="Americium" title="Americium">Am</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#da70d6"><a href="Curium" title="Curium">Cm</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#da70d6"><a href="Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Bk</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#da70d6"><a href="Californium" title="Californium">Cf</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#da70d6"><a href="Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">Es</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#da70d6"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fm</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#da70d6"><a href="Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">Md</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#da70d6"><a href="Nobelium" title="Nobelium">No</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#da70d6"><a href="Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium">Lr</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium">Rf</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Dubnium" title="Dubnium">Db</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">Sg</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Bohrium" title="Bohrium">Bh</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Hassium" title="Hassium">Hs</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#dcdcdc"><a href="Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">Mt</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#dcdcdc"><a href="Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">Ds</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#dcdcdc"><a href="Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">Rg</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#dcdcdc"><a href="Copernicium" title="Copernicium">Cn</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#dcdcdc"><a href="Nihonium" title="Nihonium">Nh</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#dcdcdc"><a href="Flerovium" title="Flerovium">Fl</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#dcdcdc"><a href="Moscovium" title="Moscovium">Mc</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#dcdcdc"><a href="Livermorium" title="Livermorium">Lv</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#dcdcdc"><a href="Tenness" title="Tenness">Ts</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#dcdcdc"><a href="Oganesson" title="Oganesson">Og</a>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table border="1" cellpadding="1" rules="all" style="border:1px solid #fff; border-collapse:collapse; font-size: smaller; margin-top:2em; text-align:center; width:100%">
<tbody><tr>
<td style="background:#ff4500" width="9.1%"><a href="Alkalimetalle" title="Alkalimetalle">Alkalimetalle</a>
</td>
<td style="background:#ff8c00" width="9.1%"><a href="Erdalkalimetalle" title="Erdalkalimetalle">Erdalkalimetalle</a>
</td>
<td style="background:#dda0dd" width="9.1%"><a href="Lanthanoide" title="Lanthanoide">Lanthanoide</a>
</td>
<td style="background:#da70d6" width="9.1%"><a href="Actinoide" title="Actinoide">Actinoide</a>
</td>
<td style="background:#f08080" width="9.1%"><a href="%C3%9Cbergangsmetalle" title="Übergangsmetalle">Übergangsmetalle</a>
</td>
<td style="background:#a9a9a9" width="9.1%"><a href="Metalle" title="Metalle">Metalle</a>
</td>
<td style="background:#cd853f" width="9.1%"><a href="Halbmetalle" title="Halbmetalle">Halbmetalle</a>
</td>
<td style="background:#32cd32" width="9.1%"><a href="Nichtmetalle" title="Nichtmetalle">Nichtmetalle</a>
</td>
<td style="background:#f0e68c" width="9.1%"><a href="Halogene" title="Halogene">Halogene</a>
</td>
<td style="background:#87cefa" width="9.1%"><a href="Edelgase" title="Edelgase">Edelgase</a>
</td>
<td style="background:#dcdcdc" width="9%">Chemie unbekannt
</td></tr></tbody></table>
</div></div>

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Normdaten&nbsp;(Sachbegriff): <a href="Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">GND</a>: <span class="-print"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4490995-0">4490995-0</a></span> </div>
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